Human Sciences Press, Inc., New York City
Volume 6, Number 2, June 1996
A 10-Facet Model of Dreaming
Applied to dream Practices of Sixteen Native American Cultural Groups.
Stanley Krippner and April Thompson
Page 71
Identifying Types of Impactful Dreams: A
Replication.
Ria Busink and Don Kuiken
Page 97
Does Early-Night REM Dream Content Reliably Reflect
Presleep State
of Mind?
Francine Roussy, Claude Camirand, David Foulkes, Joseph De Koninck, Maleah Loftis, and Nancy H. Kerr
Page 121
Remembering and Communicating the Dream Experience:
What Does a
Complementary Morning Report Add to the Night Report?
Jacques Montangero, Pascale Pasche, and Pierre Willequet
Page 131
Outline for a Theory on the Nature and Functions
of Dreaming
Ernest Hartmann
Page 147
Available Online
Stanley Krippner, Ph.D. and April Thompson, B.A.
A 10-Facet Model of Dreaming Applied to dream
Practices of Sixteen Native American Cultural Groups.
Dreaming: Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams. Vol
6(2) 71-96, Jun 1996.
Abstract:
Using archival research methodology, 16 traditional Native American systems of dreamworking were compared with such modern systems as those developed by Freud, Jung, and Ullman. Within the structure of a model proposed by Ullman and Zimmerman, each of these native American systems was found to address the major topics subsumed in contemporary psychodynamic Western dream systems. Many approaches to working with dreams were used by Native Americans and some of them resemble Western dreamworking methods.
Key words: dreams; dreaming; dream interpretation; Native Americans.
Ria Busink and Don Kuiken, Ph.D.
Identifying Types of Impactful Dreams: A
Replication.
Dreaming: Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams. Vol
6(2) 97-119, Jun 1996.
Abstract:
In an attempt to replicate a classificatory study reported by Kuiken and Sikora (1993), thirty-six men and women reported a dream that was as impactful as their most impactful dream during the preceding month and then the first dream that they recalled at least four days later. Cluster analysis revealed five classes of dreams, each with a characteristic profile of emotions and feelings, goals and concerns, movement styles, sensory phenomena, self-reflectiveness, and dream endings. Four of these classes substantially correspond to the dream types identified in the original study: existential dreams (distressing dreams concerned with separation and personal integrity), anxiety dreams (frightening dreams concerned with threats to physical well-being), transcendent dreams (ecstatic dreams concerned with magical accomplishments), and mundane (unimpactful) dreams. A fifth class of moderately impactful dreams, new to this study and referred to as alienation dreams, expressed emotional agitation and concerns about interpersonal efficacy.
Key words: dreams; impactful dreams, emotion and dreams; self-reflectiveness
Francine Roussy, Claude Camirand, David Foulkes,
Joseph De Koninck, Maleah Loftis, and Nancy H. Kerr
Does Early-Night REM Dream Content Reliably Reflect Presleep State of
Mind?
Dreaming: Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams. Vol
6(2) 121-130, Jun 1996.
Abstract:
In a small-scale study, Rados and Cartwright (1982) found that presleep
thought samples, but not postsleep-elicited significant concerns, could
be matched with a night's REM dream content on a
cross-participant basis. We collected either presleep thought samples or
significant concerns for later blind judge matching with 8 participants'
mentation reports from the night's first REM period over 8 nonconsecutive
nights each. Although some persons' first-REM dreams were successfully identified
by judges from presleep ideation, both vs. presleep ideation from the same
person on other nights and vs. presleep ideation from other persons on the
same night, there was no overall group pattern suggesting continuity of
dream content with presleep ideation. We also did not replicate the claimed
superiority of thought samples vis à vis significant concerns. Reliable
content analysis showed a different proportional distribution of life experiences
in waking and dream ideation.
Key words: dream content; continuity; presleep ideation
Jacques Montangero, Pascale Pasche, and Pierre
Willequet
Remembering and Communicating the Dream Experience: What Does a Complementary
Morning Report Add to the Night Report?
Dreaming: Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams. Vol
6(2) 131-145, Jun 1996.
Abstract:
This paper presents the data obtained when night dream reports, collected
by waking subjects during REM sleep, are completed by a complementary morning
interview. Our data collection technique aims at facilitating the storage
of the dream experience in long-term memory, at assisting in the recall
of this experience the next morning and at obtaining a maximum level of
information which communicates the contents of the dream as completely as
possible. The night and complementary morning reports of 15 subjects (one
dream per subject) were analyzed by two judges. Each subject added an important
amount of information in the morning interview: on the whole 622 new pieces
of information, which contributed to eliminate ambiguities and substantially
changed the way in which the experimenters visualized and understood the
dream experience. The additional information did not make the contents of
the dream more coherent and most of it (78%) could not have been deduced
from the elements mentioned in the night report. Specific features of dream
mentation also appeared in the additional morning information.
Key words: dreaming; dream reports; memory
Ernest Hartmann, M.D.
Outline for a Theory on the Nature and Functions of Dreaming
Dreaming: Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams. Vol
6(2) 147-170, Jun 1996.
Abstract:
Based on dreams after trauma and other recent research a view of the nature
of dreaming is developed along the following lines. Dreaming makes connections
more broadly than waking in the nets of the mind. Dreaming avoids the "central"
rapid input-to-output portions of the net and the feed-forward mode of functioning;
it makes connections in the further out regions (further from input/output)
and in an auto-associative mode. Dreaming produces more generic and less
specific imagery. Dreaming cross-connects. The connections are not made
in a random fashion; they are guided by the emotion of the dreamer. Dreaming
contextualizes a dominant emotion or emotional concern. This is demonstrated
most clearly in dreams after trauma as the trauma resolves but can likewise
be seen in dreams after stress, in pregnancy, and in other situations where
the dominant emotional concern is known. The form that these connections
and contextualizations take is explanatory metaphor. The dream, or the striking
dream image, explains metaphorically the emotional state of the dreamer.
This entire process is probably functional. The dream functions to spread
out excitation or reduce "computational energy" and does this
by cross-connecting and "weaving-in". This has an immediate function
in "calming a storm" or reducing a disturbance, and a longer term
function relating to memory – not so much consolidating memory but rather
cross-connecting, weaving in something new, increasing the connections.
Key words: dreaming; dreams; Connectionist nets; psychotherapy; metaphor
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