Human Sciences Press, Inc., New York City
Volume 1, Number 1, March 1991
CONTENTS
Introductory Statement
Ernest Hartmann
Page 1
Dreams That Work: The Relation
of Dream Incorporation to Adaptation to Stressful Events
Rosalind D. Cartwright
Page 3
Dreams That Poison
Sleep: Dreaming in Holocaust Survivors
Peretz Lavie and Hanna Kaminer
Page 11
Dreams That Work Or Dreams
That Poison? What Does Dreaming Do?
An Editorial Essay
Ernest Hartmann
Page 23
Dream Content: Random Or
Meaningful?
Gordon G. Globus
Page 27
Waking Self-understanding,
REM Dream Self Representation,
and Cognitive Ability Variables
at Ages 5-8
David Foulkes, Michael Hollifield, Laura Bradley,
Rebecca Terry, and Brenda Sullivan
Page 41
Bizarreness in Dreams and Nightmares
Richard A. Bonato, Alan R. Moffitt, Robert F. Hoffmann, Marion
A. Cuddy, and Frank L. Wimmer
Page 53
Nightmares,
Boundaries, and Creativity
Ross Levin, Jodi Galin, and Bill Zywiak
Page 63
The Protagonist as Dreamer: The
Dead Father in The Merchant
of Venice
Kay Stockholder
Page 75
The Two Provinces of Dreams
Calvin S. Hall
Page 91
An Introduction to "The Two
Provinces of Dreams" (Commentary
on Hall's Paper)
G. William Domhoff
Page 95
A Brief Perspective on
Calvin Hall: Commentary on Hall's Paper
Robert L. Van de Castle
Page 99
Hall! Like Gaul, Dreams Are
Divided into Three Provinces: Commentary on Hall's Paper
Milton H. Kramer
Page 103
Cartwright, Rosalind D.
Dreams that work: The relation of dream incorporation to adaptation
to stressful events.
Dreaming: Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams. Vol
1(1) 3-9, Mar 1991.
Abstract:
Forty-nine volunteer subjects going through divorce, twenty-three
women and twenty-six men, had sleep studies at the time of the initial
break-up and one year later. Thirty-one of these were diagnosed as depressed
on a combined criterion of meeting the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC)
and a Beck Depression score above 14 and eighteen met neither criterion.
The depressed and non-depressed did not differ in Dream-like Fantasy, but
did in Affect Strength and type. Those who were depressed who incorporated
the ex-spouse into their dreams at the time of the break-up were significantly
less depressed and significantly better adjusted to their new life at the
follow-up point than those who did not. These dreams were rated as having
stronger affect. Persons who are depressed during a stressful time in their
lives, who dream with strong feelings, and incorporate the stressor directly
into their dreams appear to "work through" their depression more successfully
than those who do not.
Key Words:
dream; divorce; depression; stress.
Lavie, Peretz; Kaminer, Hanna.
Dreams that poison sleep: Dreaming in Holocaust survivors.
Dreaming: Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams.
Vol
1(1)
11-21, Mar 1991.
Abstract:
Twenty-three Holocaust survivors: 12 well adjusted and 11 less adjusted,
and 10 age-matched normal controls slept for 4 nights in the sleep laboratory.
Subjects were awakened on the first, third and fourth nights from REM sleep
for dream recall. Well-adjusted survivors had significantly lower recall
rate (33.7%) than less adjusted (50.5%) and controls (80%). Dreams of the
well-adjusted were significantly less complex and less salient than those
of the controls, they also had significantly higher scores for denial of
emotions toward their dreams after the awakening. Dreams of the less-adjusted
had significantly higher scores for general anxiety, guilt anxiety, diffused
anxiety, general aggression, inwardly directed aggression and interpersonal
conflicts, than the controls. The less-adjusted also dreamed significantly
more than the other two groups about their childhood. Half of their dreams
were judged to be anxiety dreams. These results are discussed within the
framework of the long-term sequelae of massive traumatic events on sleep
and dreaming.
Key Words:
dream; dream recall; Holocaust; trauma; stress.
Hartmann, M.D., Ernest.
Dreams that work or dreams that poison? What does dreaming do? An
editorial essay.
Dreaming: Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams. Vol
1(1) 23-25, Mar 1991.
Abstract:
Dreaming may play different roles in adaptation to stress, depending
on personality and overall style. Dreaming can be helpful in making connections
and in integrating stressful events. Dreaming is not helpful to someone
dealing with stress by walling it off or keeping it out of awareness. At
the most basic level dreaming makes connections; it brings together material
which is kept apart in waking.
Key Words:
dream; dreaming; stress; trauma; condensation.
Globus, M.D., Gordon
G.
Dream content: Random or meaningful?
Dreaming: Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams. Vol
1(1) 27-40, Mar 1991.
Abstract:
According to the new science of dreams, dream content is a function
of memories selected by a random biological process. This process is most
striking when there are the abrupt thematic changes which are so characteristic
of dreams. For the received view from Freud, in contrast, selection of
all memories is meaningful. The new science's critique of Freud is considered
in detail and found to lack force. Examination of an exemplary dream shows
unifying concepts that bridge across radical thematic discontinuities.
Key Words:
dream; meaning; Freud; activation.
Foulkes, David; Hollifield,
Michael; Bradley, Laura; Terry, Rebecca; Sullivan, Brenda.
Waking self-understanding, REM-dream self representation, and cognitive
ability variables at ages 5-8.
Dreaming: Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams. Vol
1(1) 41-51, Mar 1991.
Abstract:
Four aspects of self-understanding were studied cross-sectionally
at ages 5-8 (n = 20 at each age): (1) self-as-object and (2) self-as-subject,
as assessed by conventional interviews; (3) knowledge of distinctive physical
appearance; and (4) portrayal of an active self character in REM dream
reports. The waking self measures were not highly intercorrelated. None
correlated with REM-dream self representation, which was not generally
reported until age 8. At that age, dream self-representation had visuospatial
correlates (a) similar to those predictive of dream reporting on REM awakenings
and (b) similar to those of more "mature" performances on waking self measures
(subjective sense of self, recognition of self's enduring physical characteristics,
psychological characterization). We suggest that a common link may be mediation
by conscious simulation.
Key Words:
child; REM-sleep; self; self-character.
Bonato, Richard A.; Moffitt,
Alan R.; Hoffmann, Robert F.; Cuddy, Marion A.; Wimmer, Frank L.
Bizarreness in dreams and nightmares.
Dreaming: Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams. Vol
1(1) 53-61, Mar 1991.
Abstract:
There exist two perspectives which have examined the concept of
bizarreness in sleep mentation. One perspective holds that most dreams
are bizarre whereas the other view holds that most are mundane. However,
neither one of these perspectives have adequately considered the issue
of bizarreness in nightmares. To fulfill a course requirement, 43 university
students from a first year psychology course were asked to record one home-recalled
dream and two home-recalled nightmares (one "typical" nightmare and
one "worst" nightmare). Two bizarreness scales were used to analyze the
129 sleep mentation reports for bizarreness. There was no support for the
hypothesis that "worst" nightmares would possess the most bizarreness.
When the length of dreams and nightmares was held constant no differences
were found in bizarreness or realism. The finding that bizarreness is not
a feature common to all dream reports is not consistent with the activation
synthesis hypothesis.
Key Words:
dreams; bizarreness; nightmares; activation synthesis.
Levin, Ross;
Galin, Jodi; Zywiak, Bill.
Nightmares, boundaries, and creativity.
Dreaming: Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams. Vol
1(1) 63-74, Mar 1991.
Abstract:
The present study examined empirically whether individuals who report
frequent nightmares evidence greater levels of creativity, and heightened
access to, and adaptive usage of primary process, than low-nightmare controls.
The Brick Test, Remote Associates Test, Hartmann's (1989) Boundary Questionnaire,
and the Rorschach were administered to 40 nightmare subjects and 39 matched
controls to assess these relationships. The results were mixed with nightmare
subjects demonstrating more primary process but less adaptation of this
material than controls with no differences between groups on the two measures
of creativity. However, subsequent analyses with extreme contrasted groups
suggest that this relationship may be valid for the most frequent nightmare
group. In addition, the data provide further construct validity for Hartmann's
Boundary Questionnaire. Overall, these findings support earlier work suggesting
an association between nightmares and psychopathology. The results are
discussed within the broader context of the relationship between creativity
and psychopathology and suggestions are made for future research.
Key Words:
nightmares; creativity; boundaries; thin boundaries; ego boundaries;
primary process.
Stockholder, Kay.
The protagonist as dreamer: The dead father in The Merchant of
Venice.
Dreaming: Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams. Vol
1(1) 75-90, Mar 1991.
Abstract:
To regard a character within a work as the dreamer of his or her
play allows one to include in a psychoanalytic understanding the social,
political, and aesthetic aspects of literature. One would normally choose
the protagonist, but because comedy obscures its emotional center, focussing
on Portia's dead father in The Merchant of Venice lifts into prominence
the emotional ramifications of the conflicting conceptions of marriage
as based on romantic love and marriage as a means of ensuring the transmission
of wealth. Portia's father in the casket motif translates incestuous longings
into magical control, and represents in Shylock and Antonio his conflicting
sense of himself as possessive of both his daughter and his wealth on the
one hand, and, on the other hand, indifferent to wealth and unpossessive
in love. The deadly hatred between the two figures expresses the self-loathing
that is also represented in his death. The relations between figures and
plot structures in this play and those in later plays suggest that Shakespeare's
dramatic trajectory was shaped by his effort to resolve these persistent,
but generative, conflicts. The unresolved conflicts around sex, women,
money and traditional wealth in this and later plays show Shakespeare's
characteristic fusion of an ideology of romantic love to traditional landed
wealth. Shakespeare's portrayals contribute to our understanding of psychological
ramifications of the uneasy integration of a commercial ethos and the related
ideology of romantic love into a traditional social order.
Key Words:
dream; dreamer; Merchant of Venice; Shakespeare.
Hall, Calvin S.
The two provinces of dreams.
Dreaming: Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams. Vol
1(1) 91-93, Mar 1991.
Abstract:
The late Calvin S. Hall wrote this previously unpublished paper
in 1982, three years before his death. It is informal, chatty, and filled
with Hall's opinions on a variety of topics related to dreams and psychology. It is also noteworthy for his comments on the work of his great mentor,
psychologist Edward C. Tolman. The editors see this paper as a small contribution
to the history of modern dream research, and are pleased to publish it
in the first issue of Dreaming as a way of establishing a concrete
connection with that past era.
Key Words:
dream; dreaming; dream cognition; dream meaning.
Domhoff, G. William.
An introduction to "The two provinces of dreams" (Commentary on
Hall's paper).
Dreaming: Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams. Vol
1(1) 95-98, Mar 1991.
Abstract:
Calvin Hall's work has been underappreciated. Among his many important
contributions to dream research, Hall was one of the first to propose a
metaphoric theory of dream symbolism. His overall view of dreams is that
they reveal our preoccupations and our conceptions.
Key Words:
Hall, Calvin; dream; dream symbolism; dream interpretation.
Van de Castle, Robert
L.
A brief perspective on Calvin Hall (Commentary on Hall's paper).
Dreaming: Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams. Vol
1(1) 99-102, Mar 1991.
Abstract:
Calvin Hall's contributions have not always been properly appreciated.
Hall set forth a cognitive theory of dreams as early as 1953. To Hall,
dreaming is a cognitive process and the images of a dream are "the embodiment
of thoughts." Hall felt that dreams illuminate the basic conflicts and
predicaments conceptualized by the dreamer.
Key Words:
Hall, Calvin; dreams; dream theory; dream interpretation.
Kramer, M.D., Milton.
Hall! Like Gaul, dreams are divided into three provinces (Commentary
on Hall's paper).
Dreaming: Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams. Vol
1(1) 103-105, Mar 1991.
Abstract:
Among dream researchers, Calvin Hall was the great quantifier whose
work laid the foundation for the scientific study of the dream. Hall established
certain quantitative norms about men's and women's dreams and many others
which have stood up well. Hall speaks of two "provinces" of dreams – the
cognitive and the diagnostic, cognitive dealing with the construction of
dreams – and diagnostic – dealing with what the dream says about the dreamer.
I suggest a third possible "province": dream function.
Key Words:
Hall, Calvin; dream; dream interpretation; dream function.
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